Usefulness and satisfaction of take-over requests for highly automated driving

Bazilinskyy, P., Eriksson, A., Petermeijer, S. M., De Winter, J. C. F.

Proceedings of Road Safety and Simulation (RSS). The Hague, The Netherlands (2017)

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes our results from survey research and driving simulator experiments on auditory, vibrotactile, and visual take-over requests in highly automated driving. Our review shows that vibrotactile takeover requests in the driver’s seat yielded relatively high ratings of self-reported usefulness and satisfaction. Auditory take-over requests in the form of beeping sound were regarded as useful but not satisfactory, and it was found that the beep rate corresponds to perceived urgency. Visual-only feedback (LEDs) was regarded by participants as neither useful nor satisfactory. Augmented visual feedback was found to support effective steering and braking actions, and may be a useful compliment to vibrotactile take-over requests. The present findings may be used in the design of take-over requests.